This is what constitutes the cycle of poverty. Some people might escape it, but for the majority, hard work isn’t the solution when the economic system works against them. Statistics worldwide back this conclusion today, people born into poverty are much more likely to remain poor. In the end, Rowntree identified low wages as the main cause of poverty in the UK, rather than the poorest being responsible for their own condition – which was the most common criticism back then (and still is today to some extent). (high risk and/or difficult working conditions due to abuse and long hours) and therefore end up struggling to make ends meet But, they spend part of it on “coping mechanisms” to deal with financial and work-related stress. Secondary poverty is when people earn just enough money to afford the necessities.It can also be considered as ‘living below the poverty line.’ Primary poverty means not having enough money to meet basic needs.Historically, poverty in the UK was defined as either primary and secondary in studies by Seebhom Rowntree in the 20th century. The new policy framework is yet to be implemented and its rollout will constitute a fertile ground for innovation in slum rehabilitation schemes – which we actively take part in.In simple terms, poverty is not having enough money or access to resources to enjoy a decent standard of living be that the lack of access to healthcare, education or water and sanitation facilities etc. Safety and security of citizens, particularly women, children and the elderly.Good governance, especially e-Governance and citizen participation.Robust IT connectivity and digitalization.Affordable housing, especially for the poor.Efficient urban mobility and public transport. Sanitation, including solid waste management.The core components of the “Smart Cities Mission” are: The national smart cities initiative is looking at promoting “cities that provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and sustainable environment and application of ‘Smart’ Solutions”. As pointed out by the World Bank, it is the urban affordable housing for the poorest regions and families where major support will be required. However, the older schemes are not yet reaching the poorest communities at scale and need to be broad based. In the urban context, this campaign has notably taken the shape of public-private partnerships for the construction of middle and high rise buildings (particularly in metropolitan cities). More recently, the Government of India has launched a massive campaign of providing housing to all its citizens by the year 2022. Since 2005, the Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JNNURM) has fostered the development of diverse schemes for Slum Communities Rehabilitation, aiming at improving the living conditions of the urban poor, be it through resettlements on land allocated by the Government or through in-situ settlement upgrading of authorised settlements. In addition, over 93 million people live in urban slums without adequate access to clean water, sanitation and security of tenure. It is estimated that the housing shortage is currently around 73.6 million units, of which 26.3 million is urban. Rapid urbanisation has aggravated the housing crisis and therefore extreme inequalities in India. Indian cities account for 2/3 of the country’s GDP, generating a pulling factor for internal migrants in search of economic opportunity. Economic growth and urbanisation in India are inextricably linked.
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